| 00 | Theory Name -Heading Field - sample | Purpose of Theory - definition - What is it trying to do | Definition of power | Motivation of Actors, - Actors Interest - National Interest , | Discussion of Foreign relations [objective of Foreign Relations,] | National Interest - not sure of this field | How measure success of Theory - Capacity to describe, explain and predict? See also "How to test" | What factors account for Change and Stability in the system [How stable is it], | Prescriptions/ Predictions | Reliability |
| 01 | Realism - [according to who?] see subsections | Unregulated competition of states, each state's interests are paramount, success is defined as preserving and strengthening each state -Waltz -ToIP p. 117 minimum = seek own survival, maximum = seek universal domination. | Power balancing routine characteristic of states. -Waltz -ToIP p. 117 Definitions of why - differ. "Balance of Power politics prevails when two requirements are met: order is anarchic and it is populated by units wishing to survive."p.121 | All states act alike -, Mo | Balance of Power is a theory about results produced by the uncoordinated actions of states. Explains the constraints which confine all states. This in turn provides many clues to the expected reactions of states. | National Interest defined as objective interest of states.
- unitary one defined in terms of power-ERI-KM p67 |
For realist power is measured in terms of "Capability" to predict who will win. | Assumes balance of power will lead to stability. At same time different realist predict bi-polar and multipolar process.. | .Normative Theory which recommends certain types of behaviors for states | . |
| 01.0m | Realism [ according to Morgenthau = Classical? | States engage in balancing power which is likely to produce stability. Effect is that Int'l system can produce stability in certain circumstances. States are Autonomous and in conflict | Ability to coerce, ability to control others, ) 0 sum quality to power. Power is and end in itself. BOP = situation of equilibrium as weak as any situation in which power struggles take place. | Basic assumption that States seek power. Because of human nature is power seeking - this motivation transferred to states. | Purpose of Foreign Policy is to pursue the national interest | National Interest and power is the same. Purpose of State is to eliminate insecurity?
Interest defined in terms of power.Morgenthau,Brief Edition 1993 p.5 |
Impossible to measure power, can observe capabilities. States [imperialism] seek to enhance; Maintain [Status-Quo] or Show [Prestige] | support status quo or bipolar | came to view - Give up crusading and defend own boundaries | |
| 01.0w | Neo-Realism, Structural Realism [Waltz brand] | Structure of International system has great influence on states,. System composed of Structure and interacting units. Ordering Principle, Functional Character of Units, Distribution capabilities; Balance of Power; | Ability to affect others more.- Power balancing routine characteristic of states. -Waltz -ToIP p. 117
"Balance of Power politics prevails when two requirements are met: order is anarchic and it is populated by units wishing to survive."p.121 |
[states act alike] Unregulated competition of states, each state's interests are paramount, success is defined as preserving and strengthening each state -Waltz -ToIP p. 117 minimum = seek own survival, maximum = seek universal domination. | Expected behavior is similar not identical. Theory of foreign policy not predict detailed content of policy - but lead to different expectations about tendencies and styles of different countries policies -Waltz -ToIP p. 122 | "States do not willingly place themselves in situations of increased dependence. In a self-help system, considerations of security subordinate economic gain to political interest."(112)
Depends on mesh of actors an their behavior?? |
Success defined as preserving and strengthening the state, is the ultimate test of policy (p.117);
gain plausibility if similarities of behavior are observed across realms that are different in substance but similar in structure, or [see note field |
Bi - Polar is most stable -Waltz; There are transformation rules, Not all systems change the same way, Structure and norms of the system - Kaplan. | The range of expectations arise from looking a the type of order that prevails and the distribution of capabilities within that order | |
| 02 | Liberalism | Perspective based on assumption of the innate goodness of the individual and the value of political institutions-ERI-KM p63 | Key actors = States, Non Gov't Groups, International Organizations.,substate actors, multinational corporations
- Individuals Act in Rational ways to maximize their self-interest |
Value freedom, especially free trade and ideas, potential for mutual gain IR3g-JG-p.9
-Seeking long-term mutual gains more rational than short term national gains |
many national interests
- International institutions coordinate actions to manage power, 1. collective security, 2. Arms control and disarmament -Gain wealth in absolute terms more important than gain power in relation to other countries |
. | .No need for radical change, constant shifting of actors are involved in new relationships-ERI-KM p85
reform of the status quo through an evolutionary process of incremental change - IR3g-JG-p.9 |
No Constraints, ongoing interactions -ERI-KM p85
war seen as tragic mistake to be prevented minimised by int'l agreements and institutions IR3g-JG-p.9 |
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| 02.a | Neo-Liberalism/Institutional Liberalism [neoliberal instuitionalism] | Characterizations: 3 interpretations: interdependence among actors, international society and anarchy
- reinterpretation of liberalism that posits even anarchic International system, states will cooperate because of their continuous actions |
Power and interdependence
Interdependent system in which the actors are both sensitive [affected by} and vulnerable to [suffering costly effects from} the actions of others. Power not fungable |
Because it is in self interest to co-operate. Institutions provide the framework for cooperative interactions-ERI-KM p285
Bounded Rationality, Shadow of future |
cooperation emerges because for actors having continuous interactions with each other it is in the self interest to cooperate. Institutions may affect the possibilities of cooperation but do not guarantee it. | because for actors having continuous interactions with each other it is in the self interest to cooperate. Security is essential and institutions help make security possible | ||||
| 02.rk | Neo-Liberal -Realism-Modified Structural Hybrid - Robert O Keohane -multidimensional approach=Institutional Liberalism | incorporate several analytical frameworks or research programs. Includes balance of Power where useful to understand. NAIC Keohane, p3 | States can cooperate, Institutions play a role. neoliberal institutionalists assume that states concentrate on absolute gains | the decline of military force as a policy tool and the increase in economic and other forms of interdependence should increase the probability of cooperation among states. | knowing int'l theory only applies under certain conditions.- if maxim | |||||
| 03 | Constructivist Theories -Theory of Int'l Politics which works on both the micro and macro level | Develop a theory of international system as social constructivism. Account for identity and intersts, show how they come to problemitize identity of states. Bring Order and predictability to world politics. | Power is both material and discursive [ideas, culture--]. "Deep structure of power politics,..in international relations"AWSMI Wednt p106. | Mutual Constituted or co-determined entities. Relationship between what actors do and who they are. | "Deep structure of power politics,..in international relations"AWSMI Wednt p106. International System is anarchic, socially constructed affected by state behavior, identity and interest. Shared knowledge produced by agents and states affects the system which also incorporates structure and culture as well as anarchy. Motivation & capacity of states is considered. Structure is meaning given to distribution of capabilities for states. Structure is more ideational than material. Ordering principle depends on intersubjectivity -Wednt p.85. Meaning of int'l system is socially constructed. Can take on the nature of Competition (Locke); individual (Hobbs); or collective (Kant) security system. | Nt'l Interest related to identity. System has a culture, takes many forms, ideology, norms, threats and these condition the identity of actors. Create a comon knowledge about what the actors believe about each other. Subjective and intersubjective. | . | Change based on internal and external. | . | . |